Pharmacology in Nursing Chronic Pulmonary Disorder

Question: Write about thePharmacology in Nursing for Chronic Pulmonary Disorder. Answer: Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disorder that causes the bronchi to be inflamed, reacting excessively to certain factors.Asthma manifests itself in seizures (respiratory discomfort, shortness of breath, dry cough, whistling). Atrial fibrillation is a heart disease that accelerates the heart rhythm and causes it to beat irregularly. It is caused by certain pre-existing cardiac disorders, hormonal or renal diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Osteoarthritis is a chronic attack of the joints leading to the destruction of the cartilage. Rheumatism is a disease that affects the locomotor apparatus, bones, joints, muscles and tendons. Indications and Actions of Prescribed Medication Metronidazole 500mg TDS The Metronidazole is an antibiotic and anti-parasitic belonging to the nitroimidazoles. It disrupts the synthesis of nucleic acids and is used for the treatment of infections related to anaerobic bacteria as well as protozoa. It is effective against protozoan Giardia intestinal, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis, bacteria of the genus Clostridium, Helicobacter pylori, and Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli such as Bacteroides, Prevotella and in the treatment of Pseudomonas colitis (Katzung, 2014). Paracetamol 1000mg qid The paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a chemical compound used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It is indicated for the treatment of symptoms of low to moderate intensity, alone or in combination with other analgesics, especially opioids, and is very popular because it has fewer contraindications than other analgesics. Its mechanism is still little known; Indeed, it reduces fever, but not by the same mechanism as the aspirin or ibuprofen that act on inflammation. Salbutamol 2 puffs prn The salbutamol is an agonist of 2 -adrenergic therefore bronchodilator short duration of action used in the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The salbutamol sulfate is usually given as inhaled to get a direct effect on the smooth muscle of the bronchi. For this, it can be administered in the form of a solution using a nebulizer, or a metered dose inhaler and also in powder form via various inhalation devices. Amiodarone 200mg daily The amiodarone is a medicament antiarrhythmic class III according to Vaughan-Williams classification. It is used in the treatment of many cardiac rhythm disorders, in particular, supraventricular disorders and with an antianginal objective. It is often the most effective antiarrhythmic, but its use is limited by its long-term side effects (Goodman et al., 2011). Aspirin 300mg daily The acetylsalicylic acid, better known under the trade name of aspirin is the active ingredient in many medicines properties analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. It is also used as an anti-platelet aggregating agent. It is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is a weak acid whose conjugate base is the acetylsalicylate anion. Ibuprofen 200mg The ibuprofen is the international nonproprietary name of alpha-methyl- [4- (2-methylpropyl) phenyl] propanoic acid. It is the active ingredient of a medicament NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) used to relieve symptoms of arthritis, of dysmenorrhea primary, the pyrexia; and as an analgesic, especially in the case of inflammation. Drug Interactions Metronidazole Drug Interactions Metronidazole may cause an anti-abuse effect: association with alcohol should be avoided as it may cause disulfiram-like reaction. Metronidazole potentiates the action of anti- vitamins K and therefore increases the hemorrhagic risk. May increase lithium levels. Its drug to food and herbal interaction are unknown. Paracetamol Drug interactions Oral Anticoagulant: Paracetamol, used at doses greater than 3 g per day for more than four consecutive days, may potentiate the anticoagulant activity of Anti-Vitamin K (AVK) 65. Sections: a competition exists between paracetamol and ondansetron, in particular, decreasing the analgesic efficacy of paracetamol. There is no reported dietary interaction for paracetamol. Salbutamol Drug interactions Has no established drug interactions but in high doses may cause hypokalemia especially in renal impaired patients and patients on xanthine derivative and some diuretics. Drug to food and herbal interactions are unknown. Amiodarone Drug interactions It increases the blood concentration in digoxin and potentiates the action of Coumadin, requiring the adaptation of doses 4. The association with other molecules extending the interval QT on the electrocardiogram increases the risk of occurrence of torsades peak, the rhythmic disorder that can result in discomfort or syncope. Because of its interaction with cytochrome P450, it alters the metabolism of several other drugs (Rang et al., 2016). In particular, it increases the risk of muscle damage in concomitant use with simvastatin 1. Its food and herbal interactions are not well established. Aspirin Drug Interactions Aspirin has drug-drug interactions with warfarin, corticosteroids, acetazolamide, valproic acid, methotrexate and herbal drugs e.g. Ginkgo biloba. Aspirin reduces the action of warfarin by inhibiting platelet aggregation. Drug to food interaction has not been fully established. Ibuprofen Drug Interactions Photosensitivity- upon exposure to UV type A, ibuprofen can cause photosensitivity by photochemical reactions leading to sunburn. Drug to food and herbal interactions are unknown. Patient Medication Management Angela should be advised to take all the drugs as prescribed to enhance the success of treatment plan. Most patients tend to stop taking medicines when they feel better an act that may result in disease exacerbations. She should ensure her drugs are safely kept away from children or any factor that may destroy the medicines. Keeping the medicine away from contamination will ensure that she take the high-quality drugs and which are safe. She should be advised to see a healthcare provider immediately should she develop adverse drug reactions to the prescribed drugs. Different patients are hypersensitive to various drugs, and this can only be ascertained only after using the particular drug for some time. Examples of hypersensitive drug reactions include irritation, itching pruritus among others (Adams et al, 2011). Angela should be educated on how to accurately use the drug delivery devices she may require e.g. the metered dose inhaler. This is done by clearly demonstrating to the patient how to coordinate inhalation and actuation. This will be of great help if the symptoms appear so she may do self-medication especially with salbutamol. Some devices are not automated and therefore patient input to coordinate actuation and inhalation is needed to ensure the inhalational drugs e.g. salbutamol reach their site of action. References Katzung, B. G. (2014). Basic clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill. Neely, Sherry, Lehne, Richard A. (2007) Study guide, Pharmacology for nursing care, sixth edition [by] Richard A. Lehne /St. Louis, Mo. Saunders Elsevier. Rang, H. P., Flower, R. J. 1, Henderson, G., Ritter, J. (2016). Rang Dale's pharmacology (Eighth edition.). [Edinburgh?]: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. Goodman, L. S., Brunton, L. L., Chabner, B., Knollmann, B. C. (2011). Goodman Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Karch, A. M. (2007). 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